Parkinson’s disease is characterized by several key features, including:
- Tremors: One of the hallmark symptoms of Parkinson’s disease is resting tremors, which usually begin in one hand or arm and may eventually affect other limbs or parts of the body. The tremors typically occur when the muscles are at rest and decrease or disappear during purposeful movement.
- Rigidity: Parkinson’s disease causes stiffness and rigidity in the muscles, making movements difficult and limiting the range of motion. This stiffness can be felt when attempting to move a joint or when a doctor performs a passive movement examination.
- Bradykinesia: This refers to the slowness of movement experienced by individuals with Parkinson’s disease. It can affect various activities, such as walking, getting up from a chair, or performing fine motor tasks like buttoning a shirt. Bradykinesia may also result in reduced facial expressions and a decrease in spontaneous gestures.
- Postural instability: As Parkinson’s disease progresses, individuals may experience difficulties with balance and posture. They may develop a stooped or forward-leaning posture, have trouble maintaining their balance while standing, and be prone to falls.
These motor symptoms are often accompanied by non-motor symptoms, which can vary among individuals and may include:
- Cognitive changes: Parkinson’s disease can affect cognitive function, leading to problems with memory, attention, executive function, and processing speed. Some individuals may develop dementia in the later stages of the disease.
- Mood disorders: Depression, anxiety, and apathy are common in Parkinson’s disease. These mood changes can significantly impact a person’s overall well-being.
- Sleep disturbances: Many people with Parkinson’s disease experience sleep-related problems, including insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, restless leg syndrome, and REM sleep behavior disorder.
- Autonomic dysfunction: Parkinson’s disease can affect the autonomic nervous system, leading to issues such as orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing), constipation, urinary problems, and excessive sweating.
- Speech and swallowing difficulties: Parkinson’s disease can cause changes in speech patterns, including softer or slurred speech. Swallowing difficulties (dysphagia) can also occur, leading to problems with eating and an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia.
It’s important to note that the progression and manifestation of symptoms can vary from person to person, and not all individuals with Parkinson’s disease will experience the same combination or severity of symptoms. Early diagnosis and appropriate management by healthcare professionals can help optimize treatment and improve quality of life for individuals living with Parkinson’s disease.
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