What is vertigo?

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Vertigo is a sensation of dizziness or the feeling that you or your surroundings are spinning or moving, even when you’re stationary. It is a specific type of dizziness that is often caused by a problem in the inner ear or the brain. Unlike general dizziness, which can describe a variety of sensations, vertigo is typically described as the room spinning or tilting.

Causes of Vertigo

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV):
- The most common cause of vertigo, BPPV occurs when small crystals in the inner ear become dislodged and move into the wrong part of the ear, affecting balance.
Meniere’s Disease:
- This is an inner ear disorder that causes episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears) due to fluid buildup in the inner ear.
Vestibular Neuritis or Labyrinthitis:
- Inflammation of the inner ear or the vestibular nerve (which helps control balance) caused by viral infections can lead to vertigo.
Vestibular Migraine:
- Migraine headaches can sometimes cause vertigo, with or without the usual headache symptoms.
Inner Ear Infections or Injury:
- An infection, such as an ear infection, or head trauma can affect the balance organs in the inner ear, leading to vertigo.
Stroke or TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack):
- A stroke or a mini-stroke can disrupt the parts of the brain involved in balance, causing vertigo.
Other Causes:
- Vertigo can also be caused by ear conditions (e.g., otosclerosis), certain medications (like ototoxic drugs), or even anxiety disorders.

Symptoms of Vertigo

Spinning Sensation: A feeling of rotation or movement, often described as if the room is spinning around you.
Balance Problems: Difficulty maintaining balance or walking, especially when standing or changing position.
Nausea or Vomiting: The sensation of movement can trigger nausea or vomiting, especially with intense vertigo.
Tinnitus: Ringing or buzzing sounds in the ears, often associated with conditions like Meniere’s disease.
Visual Disturbances: Blurry vision or a sense of “shakiness” in the visual field during episodes of vertigo.

Diagnosis

A doctor will typically perform a physical exam and may ask about the onset, duration, and triggers of vertigo. They may also perform specific tests, such as the Dix-Hallpike maneuver (for BPPV), to determine the cause.
Imaging tests like MRI or CT scans may be recommended if there is suspicion of a neurological issue.

Treatment for Vertigo

Canalith Repositioning (Epley Maneuver): A physical therapy technique used to treat BPPV by moving the dislodged ear crystals back into place.
Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy (VRT): Exercises designed to improve balance and reduce dizziness in people with vestibular disorders.
Medications: Anti-nausea medications, antihistamines, or anticholinergics may be used to control symptoms.
Treatment of Underlying Conditions: If vertigo is caused by Meniere’s disease, vestibular neuritis, or another condition, treatments may include dietary changes, medications, or surgery.

Would you like more information about the causes, symptoms, or treatment options for vertigo?

Dizziness is a broad term used to describe a range of sensations that affect balance or the sense of spatial orientation. It can encompass feelings of lightheadedness, unsteadiness, or vertigo (a spinning sensation), and is often caused by problems in the inner ear, brain, or circulatory system. Dizziness is different from vertigo, which specifically involves the sensation of spinning.

Types of Dizziness

Lightheadedness:
- A feeling of near-fainting or fainting, where a person may feel weak, as if they might pass out. It can occur after standing up too quickly, dehydration, low blood sugar, or other medical conditions.
Vertigo:
- A specific type of dizziness where a person feels like they or their surroundings are spinning or moving, even when still. It’s usually caused by problems in the inner ear or the brain.
Unsteadiness or Disequilibrium:
- A feeling of imbalance or instability, often when walking or standing. It can be due to problems with coordination or balance, often involving the inner ear or brain.
Presyncope:
- The sensation of impending fainting or lightheadedness, often related to a drop in blood pressure or blood flow to the brain. It may cause a person to feel weak, dizzy, or “out of it.”

Causes of Dizziness

Dizziness can result from many different conditions, ranging from benign to more serious. Common causes include:

Inner Ear Problems:
- Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV): A disorder where tiny calcium crystals in the inner ear become dislodged and disrupt balance.
- Meniere’s Disease: A condition involving fluid buildup in the inner ear that causes episodes of dizziness, hearing loss, and ringing in the ears.
- Vestibular Neuritis/Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear or vestibular nerve often caused by viral infections, leading to dizziness or vertigo.
Circulatory Problems:
- Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension): A drop in blood pressure when standing up quickly can cause lightheadedness or dizziness.
- Dehydration or Blood Loss: Insufficient fluid or blood volume can reduce circulation and lead to dizziness.
Neurological Conditions:
- Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): These can affect balance and cause dizziness due to impaired blood flow to the brain.
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS): A disease affecting the nervous system that can lead to coordination problems and dizziness.
Medications:
- Some medications, especially those for high blood pressure, depression, or anxiety, may cause dizziness as a side effect.
Anxiety or Panic Disorders:
- Anxiety or panic attacks can lead to feelings of dizziness or lightheadedness due to hyperventilation or stress response.
Other Causes:
- Migraines: Some people experience dizziness or vertigo as part of a migraine episode.
- Anemia: Low iron levels can result in reduced oxygen delivery to the brain, leading to dizziness.

Symptoms of Dizziness

Dizziness can present with various accompanying symptoms, depending on the underlying cause. These include:

Nausea or vomiting
Fainting or near-fainting sensations
Imbalance or difficulty walking
Headache
Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
Blurred vision
Rapid heartbeat (palpitations)

When to Seek Medical Attention

If dizziness is sudden or severe, or if it is accompanied by symptoms such as chest pain, difficulty speaking, numbness, or loss of coordination, it is important to seek immediate medical attention, as these could indicate a more serious condition like a stroke or heart problem.

Treatment for Dizziness

Depends on the cause: Treatment varies depending on what is causing the dizziness. For example:
- Inner ear disorders (BPPV) may be treated with specific head movements (e.g., Epley maneuver).
- Dehydration can be addressed with fluids and electrolytes.
- Vestibular rehabilitation (therapy to improve balance) may be recommended for vestibular disorders.
- Medication adjustments if dizziness is caused by medications.
- Blood pressure management for low blood pressure-related dizziness.